终止与非终止的精神分析

Analysis Terminable and Interminable
精神分析终止与不终止
Sigmund Freud
弗洛伊德

Experience has taught us that psycho-analytic therapy—the liberation of a human being from his neurotic symptoms, inhibitions and abnormalities of character—is a lengthy business. Hence, from the very beginning, attempts have been made to shorten the course of analysis.

经验教导我们，精神分析的治疗—一个人从他的神经症的征状，潜抑与人格的异常里解放出来—这是一段漫长的历程。因此，从一开始，各种企图被从事，为了缩短精神分析的过程。

Such endeavours required no justification: they could claim to be prompted
by the strongest considerations alike of reason and expediency. But it may be that there lurked in them some trace of the impatient contempt with which the medical profession of an earlier day regarded the neuroses, seeing in them the unnecessary results of invisible lesions.

这些企图并不需要任何正当理由。它们能够宣称被理性与权宜之计的光明正大的共同考虑所引起。但是可能是因为潜藏在这些理由里面，会有某种的不耐烦的轻蔑的痕迹。早期的医学专业都轻蔑地看待这些神经症者。在他们身上，早期的医学专业看见隐形病变的不必要的结果。

If you were obliged to deal with them, you simply aimed at getting rid
of them with the utmost despatch. Basing his procedure on the theory formulated in Das Trauma der Geburt (1924) Otto Rank made a particularly determined attempt to shorten analysis. He assumed that the cardinal source of neurosis was the experience of birth, on the ground of the possibility that the infant’s ‘primal fixation’ to the mother might not be surmounted but persist in the form of ‘primal repression’.

假如你们不得不处理这些结果，你们目标仅是要尽最大力量驱除它们。奥图 蓝克将他的程序，以给伯特（1924）阐述的理论作基础。他从事一个特殊的决心的企图，来缩短精神分析。他假定，神经症的主要的来源是诞生的经验。理由是，婴孩的“原初的固著”于母亲，很有可能没有被克服，而是持续下来，以“原初的潜抑”的形式。

His hope was that, if this primal trauma were overcome by analysis, the whole neurosis would clear up, so that this one small piece of analytic work, for which a few months should suffice, would do away with the necessity for all the rest. Rank’s argument was certainly bold and ingenious but it did not stand the test of critical examination.

他的希望是，假如这个原初的创伤由精神分析来克服，整个的神经症将会烟消云散。这样，这一小部分的精神分析的工作，几个月就足以完成。它将会让其余的那些必要的工作都被废除。蓝克的主张确实是大胆而聪明的。但是这个主张并没有经过批评检视的考验。

Moreover, it was a premature attempt, conceived under the stress of the contrast between the post-War misery of Europe and the ‘prosperity’ of America, and designed to accelerate the tempo of analytic therapy to suit
the rush of American life. We have heard little of the clinical results of Rank’s plan.

而且，这是一个尚未成熟的企图，在这个对照的压力之下被构想，在欧洲的战后的悲惨与美国的“繁荣”的对照的压力之下。这个尚未成熟的企图被设计来加速精神分析治疗的节奏，为了迎合美国人生活的匆促方式。我们很少听见蓝克的计划有何临床的结果。

– 373 — 373 –
Probably it has not accomplished more than would be done if the men of a fire-brigade, summoned to deal with a fire from an upset oil-lamp, merely removed the lamp from the room in which the conflagration had broken out.

可能，它并没有完成它将会被完成的工作，假如消防队被召唤来处理因为油灯倾覆造成的火灾。他们仅是将油灯从火灾发生的房间移除。

Much less time would certainly be spent in so
doing than in extinguishing the whole fire. The theory and practice of Rank’s experiment are now things of the past—as is American ‘prosperity’.

就扑灭整个的火灾而言，当他们这样做时，所耗费的时间远不足够。蓝克的理论与实践现在已是昨日黄花。如同美国的“繁荣”一样。

Before the War, I myself had already tried another way of speeding up analysis. I had undertaken to treat a young Russian, a rich man spoilt by riches, who had come to Vienna in a state of complete helplessness, accompanied by physician and attendant.1

在战争之前，我自己经尝试另外一种方式加速我的精神分析。我曾经从事治疗一位年轻的俄国人，一位被财富宠惯的富裕的人。他前来维也纳，处于完全无助的状态，由医生与助理伴随着。

It was possible in the course of several years to restore to him a considerable measure of independence, and to awaken his interest in life, while his relations to the principal people in his life were adjusted. But then we came to a full stop.

这是可能的，在好几年的过程，将让他恢复相当程度的独立，并且唤醒他对于生活的乐趣。他跟他的生活里的主要的人们的关系被调整。但是，我们遭遇到完全的停顿。

We made no progress in clearing up his childhood’s neurosis, which was the basis of his later illness, and it was obvious that the patient found his present situation quite comfortable and did not intend to take any step which would bring him nearer to the end of his treatment.

我们并没有任何进步，当我们清除他的童年的神经症。这个童年的神经症是他后来的疾病的基础。显而易见地，病人发现目前的情况非常舒服，并没有意图要採取任何步骤，来引导他更加靠近他的治疗的终止。

It was a case of the patient himself obstructing the cure: the analysis was in danger of failing as a result of its—partial—success. In this predicament I resorted to the heroic remedy of fixing a date for the conclusion of the analysis.

这是一个病人自己阻碍治疗的案例。精神分析处于失败的危险，由于它的部分获得成功的结果。在这个困境当中，我诉诸于英勇的补救方式：给精神分析的结论确定一个日期。

At the beginning of a period of treatment I told the patient that the coming year was to be the last of his analysis, no matter what progress he
made or failed to make in the time still left to him. At first he did not believe me, but, once he was convinced that I was in dead earnest, the change which I had hoped for began to take place.

在治疗的时期的开始，我告诉病人，未来的一年将是他的精神分析的终止。在依旧剩余给他的这段时间里，无论他成功或失败于任何进展。起初，他并不相信我，但是，当他一旦相信，我的态度是认真诚恳，我原先期望的改变开始发生。

His resistances crumbled away, and in the last months of treatment
he was able to produce all the memories and to discover the connecting links which were necessary for the understanding of his early neurosis and his recovery from the illness from which he was then suffering. When he took leave of me at midsummer, 1914, unsuspecting, as we all were, of what was so shortly to happen, I believed that his cure was complete and permanent.

他的抗拒崩溃。在治疗的最后的几个月，他能够产生所有的记忆，并且发现这些必要的关联的脉络，为了理解他早年的神经症，并且让他从他当时遭受痛苦的疾病恢复。当他在1914年的仲夏，跟我告辞时，我们大家都不怀疑，不久将会发生的事情。我相信，他的治疗是完整而且永久的。

Probably it has not accomplished more than would be done if the men of a fire-brigade, summoned to deal with a fire from an upset oil-lamp, merely removed the lamp from the room in which the conflagration had broken out.

可能，它并没有完成它将会被完成的工作，假如消防队被召唤来处理因为油灯倾覆造成的火灾。他们仅是将油灯从火灾发生的房间移除。

Much less time would certainly be spent in so
doing than in extinguishing the whole fire. The theory and practice of Rank’s experiment are now things of the past—as is American ‘prosperity’.

就扑灭整个的火灾而言，当他们这样做时，所耗费的时间远不足够。蓝克的理论与实践现在已是昨日黄花。如同美国的“繁荣”一样。

Before the War, I myself had already tried another way of speeding up analysis. I had undertaken to treat a young Russian, a rich man spoilt by riches, who had come to Vienna in a state of complete helplessness, accompanied by physician and attendant.1

在战争之前，我自己经尝试另外一种方式加速我的精神分析。我曾经从事治疗一位年轻的俄国人，一位被财富宠惯的富裕的人。他前来维也纳，处于完全无助的状态，由医生与助理伴随着。

It was possible in the course of several years to restore to him a considerable measure of independence, and to awaken his interest in life, while his relations to the principal people in his life were adjusted. But then we came to a full stop.

这是可能的，在好几年的过程，将让他恢复相当程度的独立，并且唤醒他对于生活的乐趣。他跟他的生活里的主要的人们的关系被调整。但是，我们遭遇到完全的停顿。

We made no progress in clearing up his childhood’s neurosis, which was the basis of his later illness, and it was obvious that the patient found his present situation quite comfortable and did not intend to take any step which would bring him nearer to the end of his treatment.

我们并没有任何进步，当我们清除他的童年的神经症。这个童年的神经症是他后来的疾病的基础。显而易见地，病人发现目前的情况非常舒服，并没有意图要採取任何步骤，来引导他更加靠近他的治疗的终止。

It was a case of the patient himself obstructing the cure: the analysis was in danger of failing as a result of its—partial—success. In this predicament I resorted to the heroic remedy of fixing a date for the conclusion of the analysis.

这是一个病人自己阻碍治疗的案例。精神分析处于失败的危险，由于它的部分获得成功的结果。在这个困境当中，我诉诸于英勇的补救方式：给精神分析的结论确定一个日期。

At the beginning of a period of treatment I told the patient that the coming year was to be the last of his analysis, no matter what progress he
made or failed to make in the time still left to him. At first he did not believe me, but, once he was convinced that I was in dead earnest, the change which I had hoped for began to take place.

在治疗的时期的开始，我告诉病人，未来的一年将是他的精神分析的终止。在依旧剩余给他的这段时间里，无论他成功或失败于任何进展。起初，他并不相信我，但是，当他一旦相信，我的态度是认真诚恳，我原先期望的改变开始发生。

His resistances crumbled away, and in the last months of treatment
he was able to produce all the memories and to discover the connecting links which were necessary for the understanding of his early neurosis and his recovery from the illness from which he was then suffering. When he took leave of me at midsummer, 1914, unsuspecting, as we all were, of what was so shortly to happen, I believed that his cure was complete and permanent.

他的抗拒崩溃。在治疗的最后的几个月，他能够产生所有的记忆，并且发现这些必要的关联的脉络，为了理解他早年的神经症，并且让他从他当时遭受痛苦的疾病恢复。当他在1914年的仲夏，跟我告辞时，我们大家都不怀疑，不久将会发生的事情。我相信，他的治疗是完整而且永久的。

– 374 –

In a postscript to this patient’s case-history (1923) I have already reported that I was mistaken. When, towards the end of the War, he returned to Vienna, a refugee and destitute, I had to help him to master a part of the transference which had remained unresolved.

在病人的个案历史（1923）的附记里，我已经报导，我是错误。将近战争的末期，当他回到维也纳，他是一位难民与穷人，我必须帮助他掌控始终没有被解决的移情。

Within a few months this was successfully accomplished and I was able to conclude my postscript with the statement that ‘since then the patient has felt normal and has behaved unexceptionably, in spite of the War having robbed him of his home, his possessions and all his family relationships’. Fifteen years have passed since then, but this verdict has not proved erroneous, though certain reservations have had to be made.

在几个月的时间内，这件工作成功地被完成。我能够替我的附记作一结论，用这个陈述：「因为病人已经觉得正常，并且行为跟常人一样。尽管战争曾经剥夺掉他的家园，他的财产，与他的家庭的关系。」自从那时，十五年已经过去，但是这个判断结论并没有证明是错误。虽然某些的保留必须要有。

The patient has remained in Vienna and has made good, although in a humble social position. Several times, however, during this period, his satisfactory state of health has broken down, and the attacks of neurotic illness from which he has suffered could be construed only as offshoots of his original neurosis. Thanks to the skill of one of my pupils, Dr. Ruth Mack Brunswick, a
short course of treatment has sufficed on each occasion to clear up these attacks.

病人始终在维也纳，并且发展起来，虽然是处于卑微的社会地位。可是，好几次，在这段期间，他的令人满意的健康的状态曾经崩溃，他曾经遭受痛苦的神经症，仅能够被解释为所他的原初的神经症的发展的结果。由于我的一位学生，布伦维克医生的技术，一个短期的治疗过程，已经足够在每个场合，清理这些症状的发作。

I hope Dr. Mack Brunswick herself will report on this case before long. Some of these relapses were caused by still unresolved residues of the transference; short-lived though the attacks were, they were distinctly paranoid in character.

我希望，不久，布伦维克医生她自己将会报导这个个案。这些复发的症状有些是由于仍然没有被解决的移情的残渣所引起。虽然它们的发作的时间很短，它们的性质显而易见是偏执狂。

In other instances, however, the pathogenic material consisted of fragments from the history of the patient’s childhood, which had not come to light while I was analysing him and which now came away (the comparison is obvious) like sutures after an operation or small pieces of necrotic bone.

可是，在其他的例子，病因的材料由病人的童年的历史的碎片组成。当我正在分析他时，这些历史的碎片并没有豁然开朗。现在，则是像裂缝一样地张开，经过手术后，或经过小块的细菌感染的骨头（这样的比喻是明显的）。

I have found the history of this man’s recovery almost as interesting as that of his illness. Since then I have employed the method of fixing a date for the termination of analysis in other cases and I have also inquired about the experience of other analysts in this respect.

我曾经发现这个人的康复的历史，几乎跟他的生病的病历一样有趣。自然那时，我一直使用确定日期限的方法，来作为其他的个案里，精神分析的终止。我也研究这方面的其他精神分析家的经验。

There can be only one verdict about the value of this device for putting pressure on the patient. The measure is effective, provided that one hits the right time at which to employ it. But it cannot be held to guarantee perfect accomplishment of the task of psychoanalysis.

关于给病人施用压力的这个技术的价值，仅能够有一个判断结果。这个策略是有效的，只要我们用对正确的时间，来运用它。但是，它无法被认为是保证完美的成就，对于精神分析的工作。

On the contrary, we may be quite sure that, while the impending termination of
the treatment will have the effect of bringing part of the material to light, another part will be walled up, as if buried, behind it and will elude our therapeutic efforts.

相反地，我们可以相对确定说，当治疗的逼近的终止将会有这个效果，让部分的材料豁然开朗。另外一个部分将会被围堵起来，好像被埋葬一般，在它的背后，然后避开我们的治疗的努力。

Once the date for discontinuing the treatment has been fixed we must not extend the time; otherwise the patient will lose all his faith in the analyst. The most obvious expedient is to let him continue his treatment with another analyst, although we know that a change of this sort involves a fresh loss of time and the sacrifice of some of the results of the work already done.

一旦作为中断治疗的这个期限已经被确定，我们一定不要延伸那个时间。否则，病人将会丧失他对精神分析家的所有的信任。最明显的权宜之计是让他继续他的治疗，跟另外一位精神分析家。虽然我们知道，这种的改变牵涉到时间的重新损失与已经被完成的工作的某些结果的牺牲。
–
No general rule can be laid down as to the right time for resorting to this forcible technical method: the analyst must use his own tact in the matter. A mistake, once made, cannot be rectified. The saying that the lion springs once and once only must hold good here.

关于採有这个强制的技术性的方法的适当的时间，我们无法制定一般的通则。在这件事情，精神分析家必须使用他自己的技巧。错误一旦被形成，就无法被修正。；如格言所说，狮子作势一博。在此，这一博必须有效。

雄伯译
32hsiung@pchome.com.tw
https://springhero.wordpress.com

癔症研究05

癔症研究05
IV
第四章

THE PSYCHOTHERAPY OF
HYSTERIA 257
癔症的心理治疗

(FREUD)
弗洛伊德

IV. PSYCHOTHERAPY OF HYSTERIA (FREUD) 261

I should not like it to be wrongly thought that I do not wish
to allow that hysteria is an independent neurotic affection,
that I regard it merely as a psychical manifestation of anxiety
neurosis and that I attribute to it ‘ideogenic’ symptoms only
and am transferring the somatic symptoms (such as hystero-
genic points and anaesthesias) to anxiety neurosis. Nothing of
the sort. In my opinion it is possible to deal with hysteria, freed
from any admixture, as something independent; and to do so
in every respect except in that of therapeutics.

我不想要错误地被认为，我并不希望可，癔症是独立的神经症的情感。我仅是将它视为是焦虑神经症的心灵的展示。我仅是将“观念起源”的症状归属于它，我正在将身体的症状（譬如癔症起因点与麻痹），转移成为焦虑神经症。根本就不是这个样子。依照我的意见，处理神经症，作为某件独立的东西，免除任何的混杂，这是可能的。我们可能在每个层面这样做，除了治疗学的层面。

For in therapeutics we are concerned with a practical aim, with getting
rid of the pathological state as a whole. And if hysteria generally
appears as a component of a mixed neurosis, the situation
resembles that in which there is a mixed infection, where pre-
serving life sets a problem which does not coincide with that of
combating the operation of one particular pathogenic agent.

因为在治疗学那里，我们关心的是实际的目标，整体地废除病理的状态。假如癔症通常出现，作为混合神经症的成分，这个情况类似混合感染的情况。在那个情况，保存生命触发一个难题。这个难题并没有符合格斗特殊的病因代理者的运作的难题。

It is very important for me to distinguish the part played by
hysteria in the picture of the mixed neuroses from that played
by neurasthenia, anxiety neurosis and so on, because, once I
have made this distinction, I shall be able to express concisely
the therapeutic value of the cathartic method.

非常重要地，我必须区别癔症扮演的角色，在混合神经症的画面里，跟神经衰弱，焦虑神经症，等等，扮演的角色的差异。因为我一旦从事这个区别，我将能够明确地表达清涤疗法的治疗价值。

For I am inclined to venture the assertion that that method is as a matter of theory very well able to get rid of any hysterical symptom,
whereas, as will be easily understood, it is completely powerless
against the phenomena of neurasthenia and is only able rarely
and in roundabout ways to influence the psychical effects of
anxiety neurosis. Its therapeutic effectiveness in any particular
case will accordingly depend on whether the hysterical com-
ponents of the clinical picture do or do not assume a position
of practical importance in comparison with the other neurotic
components.

因为我倾向于提出这个主张：就理论而言，那个方法完全能够废除癔症的症状。但是，如同轻易就可理解的，要对抗神经衰弱的现象，那个方法完全是无力的。它仅能够勉强地，用迂回的方式，来影响焦虑神经症的心灵的情感，它在任何特殊个案的治疗的效果，因此依靠临床画面的癔症的成分是否具有实用的价值的立场，跟其他的神经症的成分比较起来。

There is another obstacle in the way of the effectiveness of
the cathartic method, which we have already indicated in the
‘Preliminary Communication’ [p. 17]. It cannot affect the
underlying causes of hysteria: thus it cannot prevent fresh
symptoms from taking the place of the ones which had been got
rid of. On the whole, then, I must claim a prominent place
for our therapeutic method as employed within the framework
of a therapy of the neuroses; but I should like to advise against
assessing its value or applying it outside this framework. Since,
however, I cannot in these pages offer a ‘therapy of the neuroses’
of the sort needed by practitioners, what I have just said is
equivalent to postponing my account of the subject to a possible
later publication. But I am able, I think, to add the following
remarks by way of expansion and elucidation.

还有另外一种阻碍，使这个清涤疗法无法产生效果。在“初步沟通”的那个章节，我们已经指示过。它无法影响到癔症的潜在原因。因此，它无法阻止新的症状不取代已经被废除掉的那些症状的位置。因此，大体上，我必须宣称我们的的治疗方法具有优势的地位，因为它被运用在神经症的治疗的架构里面。但是我想要劝告不要在这个架构的外部评估它的价值或应用它。因为，在这几页里，我无法提供执业医师所需要的这种“神经症的治疗”。我刚刚所说的相当等于是拖延我对于这个主题的描述，尽可能晚一点出版。但是我认为我能够补充以下的谈论，作为扩充与诠释。

雄伯译
32hsiung@pchome.com.tw
https://springhero.wordpress.com

癔症研究05

癔症研究05
IV
第四章

THE PSYCHOTHERAPY OF
HYSTERIA 257
癔症的心理治疗

(FREUD)
弗洛伊德

Consequently, the psychical mechanism revealed by the ‘Pre-
liminary Communication 5 could not be pathognomonic for
hysteria. Nor could I resolve, merely for the sake of preserving
that mechanism as a criterion of it, to lump all these other
neuroses in with hysteria. I eventually found a way out of all
these emerging doubts by the plan of treating all the other
neuroses in question in the same way as hysteria. I determined
to investigate their aetiology and the nature of their psychical
mechanism in every case and to let the decision as to whether
the diagnosis of hysteria was justified depend upon the outcome
of that investigation.

结果，初步沟通所显示的心理机制，无法成为癔症的确定诊断。我也无法决定，仅是为了保持那个作为它的标准的机制，要将所有这些其他的神经症跟癔症堆积一块。我最后找到一个方法避开所有这些出现的怀疑，凭借计划将所有受到置疑的其他神经症，跟癔症一样，用相同方式来处理。我决定研究他们的病因学，与他们在每个情况的心理机制的特性。并且让这个决定，关于癔症的诊断是否自圆其说，依靠那个研究的结果来做决定。

Thus, starting out from Breuer’s method, I found myself
engaged in a consideration of the aetiology and mechanism of
the neuroses in general. I was fortunate enough to arrive at
some serviceable findings in a relatively short time. 1 In the first
place I was obliged to recognize that, in so far as one can speak
of determining causes which lead to the acquisition of neuroses,
their aetiology is to be looked for in sexual factors. There fol-
lowed the discovery that different sexual factors, in the most
general sense, produce different pictures of neurotic disorders.

因此，从布鲁尔的方法开始，我发现我自己从事考虑一般的神经症的病因学与心理机制。我足够幸运地在相当短的时间内，获得某些可供服务的发现。首先，我不得不承认，就我们所能够谈论到导致神经症的罹患的决定的原因，他们的病因学应该被寻找，在性的因素。跟随而来的是这个发现：不同的性的因素，从最通俗的意义来说，产生不同的神经症的疾病的画面。

And it then became possible, in the degree to which this
relation was confirmed, to venture on using aetiology for the
purpose of characterizing the neuroses and of making a sharp
distinction between the clinical pictures of the various neuroses.
Where the aetiological characteristics coincided regularly with
the clinical ones, this was of course justified.

因此，这变得可能，这个关系被证实的程度，为了大胆使用病因学作为表现神经症的特性，并且明显地区别各种的神经症的临床画面。以病因学作为特性，规律地跟临床的特性不谋而合。这当然能够自圆其说。

In this manner I found that neurasthenia presented a mon-
otonous clinical picture in which, as my analyses showed, a
‘psychical mechanism’ played no part. There was a sharp
distinction between neurasthenia and ‘obsessional neurosis’, the
neurosis of obsessional ideas proper. In this latter one I was
able to recognize a complicated psychical mechanism, an
aetiology similar to that of hysteria and an extensive possibility
of reducing it by psychotherapy. On the other hand, it seemed
to me absolutely necessary to detach from neurasthenia a com-
plex of neurotic symptoms which depend on a quite different
and indeed at bottom a contrary aetiology.

以这种方式，我发现，脑神经衰弱呈现一个单调的临床画面。依照我的分析显示，在这个临床画面，“心理的机制”并没有任何角色。在脑神经衰弱与“妄想症神经症”，妄想症本体的观念的神经症，他们之间的区别非常明显。在妄想症的神经症，我能够体认出一种复杂的心理机制，一种类似癔症的病因学的病因学。它具有广泛的可能，凭借心理治疗化简它。在另一方面，我觉得绝对有这个必要，将神经症的症状的情结，跟脑神经衰弱区隔开来。神经症的症状依靠完全不同，而且确实追根究底是相反的病因学。

The component
symptoms of this complex are united by a characteristic which
has already been recognized by Hecker (1893). For they are
either symptoms or equivalents and rudiments of manifestations
of anxiety and for this reason I have given to this complex
which is to be detached from neurasthenia the name of ‘anxiety
neurosis’.

这个情结的组成的症状凭借赫克（1893）已经体认出来的特性，作为统合。因为这些症状要就是焦虑展示的症状，要不就是焦虑的展示的相等与初级阶段。因为这个理由，我给予这个情结，“焦虑神经症”的名字。这个情结应该跟神经衰弱症区隔开来。

I have maintained [Freud 1895] that it arises from
an accumulation of physical tension, which is itself once more
of sexual origin. This neurosis, too, has no psychical mech-
anism, but it invariably influences mental life, so that ‘anxious
expectation 5 , phobias, hyperaesthesia to pains, etc., are among
its regular manifestations. This anxiety neurosis, in my sense
of the term, no doubt coincides in part with the neurosis which,
under the name of ‘hypochondria’, finds a place in not a few
descriptions alongside hysteria and neurasthenia. But I cannot
regard the delimitation of hypochondria in any of the works in
question as being the correct one, and the applicability of its
name seems to me to be prejudiced by the fixed connection of
that term with the symptom of ‘fear of illness’. 1

我曾经主张（弗洛伊德 1895），这个情结是由于生理的紧张的累积而产生。这个生理上的紧张再次是出于性的起源。这个神经症也没有心理的机制，但是它一成不变地影响到精神的生活。所以，“焦虑的期待，恐惧症，对于痛苦的过度敏感症，等等，都是它的规律的展示的症状。从我对术语的理解，这个焦虑神经症无可置疑地，部分跟”忧郁症“这个名称之下找到一席之地的神经症不谋而合。在癔症与神经衰弱症之外的许多描述里。但是，我无法将任何受到置疑的研究里的忧郁症的除掉限制，认为就是正确的除掉限制。我觉得，忧郁症的名称的应用似乎是一种偏见，那个术语跟”对于疾病的恐惧“的症状固定地联接一块，产生的偏见。

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癔症研究04

癔症研究04
IV
第四章

THE PSYCHOTHERAPY OF
HYSTERIA
癔症的心理治疗

(FREUD)
弗洛伊德

IN our ‘Preliminary Communication’ we reported how, in the
course of our investigation into the aetiology of hysterical
symptoms, we also came upon a therapeutic method which
seemed to us of practical importance.

在我们的“初步沟通”，我们报导，在我们研究癔症症状的病因过程，我们也遭遇到我们觉得具有实用价值的治疗方法。

For ‘we found, to our great
surprise at first, that each individual hysterical symptom immediately
and permanently disappeared when we had succeeded in bringing clearly
to light the memory of the event by which it was provoked and in arousing
its accompanying affect, and when the patient had described that event
in the greatest possible detail and had put the affect into words’. (P. 6.)

因为起初我们大吃一惊，当我们发现，每个个人的癔症的症状立即而且永久地消失，当我们成功于将事件的记忆清楚地揭示出来，他的症状就是因为这个事件所触发，当我们唤醒症状伴随而来的情感，以及当病人已经钜细无遗地描述那个事件，并且将那个情感用话语表达出来。

We further endeavoured to explain the way in which our
psychotherapeutic method works. ‘It brings to an end the operative
force of the idea which was not abreacted in the fast instance, by allowing
its strangulated affect to find a way out through speech; and it subjects
it to associative correction by introducing it into normal consciousness
(under light hypnosis) or by removing it through the physician’s suggestion, as is done in somnambulism accompanied by amnesia.’ (P. 17.)

我们更进一步解释我们心理知疗的方法运作的方式。这种方式终结这个执念的运作的的力量，这个执念在匆促的情况并没有被发泄掉。我们让它的受到压抑的情感，通过言说，找到一个发现的方式。我们的方法将这个执念隶属于联想到纠正，凭借介绍它进入正常的意识（在轻微的催眠之下），或是凭借医生的暗示，将这个执念移除掉。如同在伴随着失忆症的梦遊症的处理。

I will now try to give a connected account of how far this
method carries us, of the respects in which it achieves more
than other methods, of the technique by which it works and
of the difficulties it meets with. Much of the substance of this
is already contained in the case histories printed in the earlier
portion of this book, and I shall not be able to avoid repeating
myself in the account which follows.

我现在将尝试给予关联的描述，这个比其他方法更有成效的层面的方法，让我们进展到什么程度。它凭借作为运作的技术的层面面，以及它遭遇到困难的层面。有关这个方法的众多材料已经被包括在这本书的早先部分出版的个案历史。在以下的描述，我将无法避免重复我自己的话语。

255

For my own part, I too may say that I can still hold by what
is contained in the ‘Preliminary Communication’. None the
less I must confess that during the years which have since passed
in which I have been unceasingly concerned with the prob-
lems touched upon in it fresh points of view have forced them-
selves on my mind. These have led to what is in part at least
a different grouping and interpretation of the factual material
known to me at that time.

就我自已而言，我也可能说，我依旧能够坚持在“初步的沟通”所被包含的东西。我仍然必须坦承，在随后经过的岁月里，我曾经不断地关注在它里面探讨到的一些难题，各种新颖的观点在我心头纷至沓来。这些新颖的观念形成至少有部分是不同聚合与诠释，对于在当时我们所知道的事实的材料。

It would be unfair if I were to try
to lay too much of the responsibility for this development upon
my honoured friend Dr. Josef Breuer. For this reason the con-
siderations which follow stand principally under my own name.

这将是不公平的，假如我将这个发展的过多的责任，归属于我敬爱的朋友布鲁尔医生。因为这个理由，随后的考虑主要都是列在我自己的名字之下发表。

When I attempted to apply to a comparatively large number
of patients Breuer’s method of treating hysterical symptoms by
an investigation and abreaction of them under hypnosis, I came
up against two difficulties, in the course of dealing with which
I was led to an alteration both in my technique and in my view
of the facts, (1)1 found that not everyone could be hypnotized
who exhibited undoubted hysterical symptoms and who, it was
highly probable, was governed by the same psychical mech-
anism. (2) I was forced to take up a position on the question
of what, after all, essentially characterizes hysteria and what
distinguishes it from other neuroses.

当我企图将布鲁尔的治疗癔症症状的方法，运用到比较众多人数的病人，作为在催眠之下的研究与发泄。我遭遇到两个困难，在处理它的过程。我的技术与我对事实的观点，两者引导我不断替换。我发现到，并不是每个展示无可置疑的癔症症状的人都能够被催眠。很有可能，他们受到相同的心理机制所统辖。我不得不採取一个立场，针对这个问题。毕竟，这个问题是基本上表现癔症的特征的东西，以及区别癔症跟其他神经症的差异的东西。

I will put off until later my account of how I got over the
first of these two difficulties and what I have learnt from it, and
I will begin by describing the attitude I adopted in my daily
practice towards the second problem.

我将我的描述拖延到后来，我如何克服这两个困难的第一个困难的描述，以及我从它那里学习到什么的描述。我将开始描述我採取的态度，在我每天都实践，朝向第二个难题。

It is very hard to obtain
a clear view of a case of neurosis before one has submitted it
to a thorough analysis an analysis which can, in fact, only
be brought about by the use of Breuer’s method; but a decision
on the diagnosis and the form of therapy to be adopted has to
be made before any such thorough knowledge of the case has
been arrived at.

假如我们没有将神经症的个案隶属于彻底的分析，我们很困难获得清楚的观念。事实上，这样的分析仅有凭借布鲁尔的方法的使用，它能够被从事。但是对于诊断的决定，以及应该被採用的治疗的方式，则是必须被从事之后，这样的彻底的理解个案才已经被获得。

The only course open to me, therefore, was to
select for cathartic treatment such cases as could be provision-
ally diagnosed as hysteria, which exhibited one or more of the
stigmata or characteristic symptoms of hysteria. It then some-
times happened that in spite of the diagnosis of hysteria the
therapeutic results turned out to be very scanty and that even
analysis brought nothing significant to light.

因此，在我面前展开的唯一途径，就是选择暂时能够被诊断作为癔症的这些个案，来充当渲泄疗法的治疗。这些个案展示癔症的某个或更多的标识或特有的症状。因此，有时会发生，尽管癔症的诊断，治疗的结果证明非常贫瘠。即使是精神分析都没有什么重要的东西显示出来。

On other occasions
again, I tried applying Breuer’s method of treatment to
neuroses which no one could have mistaken for hysteria, and
I found that in that manner they could be influenced and in-
deed cleared up. I had this experience, for instance, with
obsessional ideas, genuine obsessional ideas of the Westphal
type, 1 in cases without a single trait which recalled hysteria.

而且，在其他场合，我尝试将布鲁尔的治疗方法，运用到绝对不会被任何人误解成为癔症的神经症。我发现到，以那种方式，那是神经症能够有所改善，确实豁然开朗。我曾经有这样的经验，譬如，对于妄想症的执念，维斯费尔种类的真诚的妄想症的执念。在这些个案，没有一个特征让人想到癔症。

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弗洛伊德：癔症研究

ON THE PSYCHICAL MECHANISM OF

HYSTERICAL PHENOMENA: PRELIMINARY

COMMUNICATION (1893) 1

(BREUER AND FREUD)

论癔症现象的心理极制：初步沟通（1893）
（布鲁尔与弗洛伊德）

A CHANCE observation has led us, over a number of years, to
investigate a great variety of different forms and symptoms of
hysteria, with a view to discovering their precipitating cause–
the event which provoked the first occurrence, often many
years earlier, of the phenomenon in question.

许多年来，偶然观察促使我们开始研究各色各样的癔症的不同的形式与症状，为了发现它们的突然发作的原因。也就是说，为了发现引起第一次发作的事件。我们探讨的癔症现象的第一次发作，经常都发生在早先好几年。

Over a number of years 修饰has led us（促使我们），而不是修饰to investigated （用了多年时间研究）。
With a view to 表示目的（为了）而不是（考虑到）
A great variety of （各色各样）

In the great
majority of cases it is not possible to establish the point of
origin by a simple interrogation of the patient, however thor-
oughly it may be carried out.

在大多数的个案，光凭对于病人的询问，是不可能确认起因的时刻，无论对于病人的询问执行得多么彻底。

However thoroughly it may be carried （无论对于病人的询问执行得多么彻底），it指的是simple interrogation of the patient （光凭对于病人的询问），而不是（然而实行起来人们完全可以这样做的。）simple的意思是only （仅是）而不是（简单）。

This is in part because what is in
question is often some experience which the patient dislikes
discussing; but principally because he is genuinely unable to
recollect it and often has no suspicion of the causal connection
between the precipitating event and the pathological phenom-
enon.

部分原因是，所被讨论的内容经常是病人不喜欢讨论的某个经验。但是主要是因为病人坦诚地无法回想起来那个经验。并且经常没有怀疑到，突然发作的事件与病理的现象之间，会有因果的关联。

Genuinely 坦诚地，而不是（一般）

As a rule it is necessary to hypnotize the patient and
to arouse his memories under hypnosis of the time at which the
symptom made its first appearance; when this has been done,
it becomes possible to demonstrate the connection in the clearest
and most convincing fashion.

通常有必要对于病人催眠，并且在催眠之下，唤醒他回想症状首次出现的时刻。这样做时，就有可能用最清楚而令人信服的方式来展示这种关联。

Under hypnosis （在催眠之下）修饰arouse （唤起）his memories，而不是修饰 of the time at which the symptom made its first appearance

This method of examination has in a large number of cases
produced results which seem to be of value alike from a theor-
etical and a practical point of view.

在许多个案，这种检视的方法产生一些结果。这些结果，从理论观点与从实践观点，似乎同样具有价值。

(from a theoretical and a practical alike)的句法等于 （both from a theoretical point of view and from a practical point of view）,修身 of
Value (=valuable)，从理论观点与从实践观点，这些结果同样都具有价值。而不是（价值似乎是一样的）。

They are valuable theoretically because they have taught us
that external events determine the pathology of hysteria to
an extent far greater than is known and recognized.

因为我们从这些结果学习到，癔症的病理学受到外在事件决定，程度上远超过众所周知与众所公认的。所以，这些结果在理论上具有价值。

It is of course obvious that in cases of ‘traumatic’ hysteria what
provokes the symptoms is the accident.

当然，显而易见的是，在“创伤”的癔症的个案，触发症状的原因是意外事件。

The causal connection is equally evident in hysterical attacks when it is possible to gather from the patient’s utterances that in each attack he is hallucinating the same event which provoked the first one.

在癔症的发作，因果关联也是同样的显而易见。这是，我们可能从病人的表达来推断：在癔症的每次发作时，病人都有相同事件的幻觉，跟触发首次发作的事件相同的幻觉。

The situation is more obscure in the case of other phenomena.

在其他的现象的个案，这种情况则是没有那么清楚。

Our experiences have shown us, however, that the most various
symptoms, which are ostensibly spontaneous and, as one might say,
idiopathic products of hysteria, are just as strictly related to the pre-
cipitating trauma as the phenomena to which we have just alluded and
which exhibit the connection quite clearly.

可是，我们的精神分析经验告诉我们：从外表看来是自动自发的症状，有人说是癔症的不明原因的产物。这些症状即使是各有不同，它们都同样严格地息息相关，跟我们刚刚提到的突然发作的创伤作为各种现象。这些现象相当清楚地展示这个关联性。

“the most “是various 的最高级，修饰symptoms。英文的最高级具有”即使，虽然,无论”的让步（concession）意涵：（这些症状即使是各有不同）。而不是“文集”的（大多数不同的癔症症状是明显自发）。

The symptoms which we have been able to trace back to precipitating factors of this sort include neuralgias and anaesthesias of very various kinds, many of which had persisted for years, contractures and par-
alyses, hysterical attacks and epileptoid convulsions, which
every observer regarded as true epilepsy, petit mat and disorders
in the nature of tic, chronic vomiting and anorexia, carried to
the pitch of rejection of all nourishment, various forms of dis-
turbance of vision, constantly recurrent visual hallucinations,
etc.

我们能够追溯这些症状，回到这种的突然发作的因素。这些症状包括各色各样的神经痛与麻痹。许多这些症状持续好几年，痉挛，麻痹，癔症的发作与癫痫的抽蓄，。每位观察者都会将这些症状，视为是真正的癫痫病，癫痫小发作，抽蓄性质的疾病，慢性呕吐与厌食症。严重时甚至排斥各种营养食物，会有各种形态的幻象的困扰，不断地重复发生的视觉的幻景，等等。

“include”（包括）的主词是句首的the symptoms(症状)，而不是“文集”汉译的“precipitating factors (我们能够追溯到的促发因素包括许多各种类型的神经痛、、、)

The disproportion between the many years’ duration of
the hysterical symptom and the single occurrence which pro-
voked it is what we are accustomed invariably to find in
traumatic neuroses.

癔症的症状会持续好几年，跟触发症状的单一的发作，彼此不成比例，正是我们在创伤的神经症者身上，一定习惯于发现的东西。

Quite frequently it is some event in childhood that sets up a more or less severe symptom which persists during the years that follow.

经常发生的是，童年的某个事件会形成严重程度不同的症状。这些症状持续存在于随后的岁月里。

The connection is often so clear that it is quite evident how
it was that the precipitating event produced this particular
phenomenon rather than any other. In that case the symptom
has quite obviously been determined by the precipitating cause.

彼此的关联经常是如此的显而易见，以致于突然发作的事件如何会产生这个特殊的现象，而不是任何其他现象，则是相当显而易见。在那个情况，症状相当明显是受到突然发作的原因所决定。

We may take as a very commonplace instance a painful
emotion arising during a meal but suppressed at the time, and
then producing nausea and vomiting which persists for months
in the form of hysterical vomiting.

我们举一个非常普通的例子。在餐饮时产生的恶感的情绪，但是当时被压抑。然后这种恶感的情绪产生会持续好几个月的恶心与呕吐，呈现癔症的呕吐的形态。

A girl, watching beside a
sick-bed in a torment of anxiety, fell into a twilight state and
had a terrifying hallucination, while her right arm, which was
hanging over the back of her chair, went to sleep;

一个女孩在病床旁边看护，焦虑难耐，陷入昏醒不清的状态，然后产生可怕的幻觉。这时，她垂悬在椅子背后的右臂，麻痹起来。

“went to sleep”的主词是her right arm（右手臂）。“went to sleep”的意思是“丧失感觉，麻痹”if part of your body goes to sleep，you lose the senses of feeling in it，usually because it has been in the same position for too long（假如你身体的部分麻痹，你丧失对它的感觉，通常是因为太久时间它一直处于相同位置）。而不是“文集“的「当她把右臂搁在椅背上行将入睡时」。

from this there developed a paresis of the same arm accompanied by
contracture and anaesthesia.

从这个右臂的麻痹，相同手臂的轻微麻痹显现出来，伴随着抽蓄与麻痹。

“develop“的意思是”show 显示“，而是”发展“。

She tried to pray but could find
no words; at length she succeeded in repeating a children’s prayer in English.

她尝试祈祷，但是找不到话语。最后，她成功地用英语重复儿童们的祈祷。

When subsequently a severe and highly
complicated hysteria developed, she could only speak, write
and understand English, while her native language remained
unintelligible to her for eighteen months. 1

随后，严重而非常复杂的癔症显现出来。她仅能用英语说，写，与理解。经过了十八个月，她始终无法理解她的母语。
The mother of a very sick child, which had at last fallen asleep, concentrated her whole will-power on keeping still so as not to waken it.

一位病情严重的小孩的母亲，专注她的意志的力量，来保持安静，为了不要吵醒小孩，因为小孩最后才终于睡着。

Precisely on account of her intention she made a ‘clacking’ noise
with her tongue. (An instance of hysterical counter- will’.)

确实就是因为她的意图，她用舌头发出“咔嗒“的吵声（癔症者的违背-意志的例子）。

This noise was repeated on a subsequent occasion on which she
wished to keep perfectly still; and from it there developed a tic
which, in the form of a clacking with the tongue, occurred over
a period of many years whenever she felt excited.

在随后的场合，当她想要保持安静时，这个吵声就会被重复发出。从吵声那里，抽蓄症状显现出来。用舌头发出“咔嗒“声的形式，这一种抽蓄发生，有好几年的时期，每当她感觉激动时。

A highly intelligent man was present while his brother had an ankylosed
hip-joint extended under an anaesthetic. At the instant at
which the joint gave way with a crack, he felt a violent pain in
his own hip-joint, which persisted for nearly a year. Further
instances could be quoted.

一位非常聪明的人在现场目睹他的兄弟在麻醉之下，他的僵直的臀部关节被拉开。在被拉开的瞬间，关节“咔嚓“一声地被拉开。他感觉他自己的臀部关节产生强烈的痛苦。这种强烈的痛苦持续了将近一年。更多的例子，还能够被引证。

雄伯译注
32hsiung@pchome.com.tw
https://springhero.wordpress.com

论自恋 l

论自恋 l
Sigmund Freud
西格蒙、弗洛依德

On Narcissism: an Introduction
论自恋：导论

Further, it is easy to observe that libidinal object-cathexis does not
raise self-regard. The effect of dependence upon the loved object is to
lower that feeling: a person in love is humble. A person who loves has, so to speak, forfeited a part of his narcissism, and it can only be replaced by his being loved. In all these respects self-regard seems to remain related to the narcissistic element in love.

而且，我们很容易观察到，力比多的客体-投注并没有引起自我-关注。依靠被爱恋的客体的影响，会降低那种感觉，一位恋爱中的人是谦卑的。一位恋爱中的人，可以说是伪装一种自恋。尽凭借着他被爱恋而被取代。在所有的这些层面，自我-关注似乎跟恋爱中的自恋因素始终息息相关。

The realization of impotence, of one’s own inability to love, in
consequence of mental or physical disorder, has an exceedingly lowering effect upon self-regard. Here, in my judgement, we must look for one of the sources of the feelings of inferiority which are experienced by patients suffering from the transference neuroses and which they are so ready to report.

无能为力的体会，自己没有能够恋爱，由于精神或生理疾病的结果，具有特别降低的影响，对于自我-关注。在此，依我判断，我们必须寻找一个自卑感觉的资源。这些感觉被病人经验，他们遭受移情神经症的痛苦，他们准备要报答这个自卑的感觉。

The main source of these feelings is, however, the impoverishment of the ego, due to the extraordinarily large libidinal cathexes which have been withdrawn from it—due, that is to say, to the injury sustained by the ego through sexual trends which are no longer subject to
control.

可是，这些感觉到主要来源，是自我的贫瘠，由于特殊大量的力比多的投注，从它那里被撤回。换句话说，由于自我所维持的伤害，通过不再隶属于控制的性的倾向。

Adler [1907] is right in maintaining that when a person with an active
mental life recognizes an inferiority in one of his organs, it acts as a spur
and calls out a higher level of performance in him through
overcompensation. But it would be altogether an exaggeration if, following Adler’s example, we sought to attribute every successful achievement to this factor of an original inferiority of an organ. Not all artists are handicapped with bad eyesight, nor were all orators originally stammerers.

阿德勒是正确的，当他主张，当一个拥有主动精神生活的人，体会出他的一个器官的自卑，它行动作为一种激励，并且召唤出他身上更高的表现，通过过度的补偿。但是那将会完全是一种夸张，假如当我们遵循阿德勒的例子，我们尝试将每个成功的成就，归功于器官的原初的自卑感的因素。并不是所有的艺术家都是因为眼力不佳的阻碍，也并不是所有的演说家原初都是口给。

And there are plenty of instances of excellent achievements springing from superior organic endowment. In the aetiology of neuroses organic
inferiority and imperfect development play an insignificant part—much the same as that played by currently active perceptual material in the formation of dreams.

还有很多优秀成就的例子，是起源于优秀的器官的秉赋。在神经症的病因学，器官的自卑与不完美的发展，扮演微不足道的角色。跟梦的形成，目前活跃的感觉的材料，扮演的角色差不多。

Neuroses make use of such inferiorities as a pretext, just as they do of every other suitable factor. We may be tempted to believe a neurotic woman patient when she tells us that it was inevitable she should fall ill, since she is ugly, deformed or lacking in charm, so that no one could love her; but the very next neurotic will teach us better—for she persists in her neurosis and in her aversion to sexuality, although she seems more desirable, and is more desired, than the average woman.

神经症利用这些自卑感，作为藉口。正如他们利用每个其他适当的因素作为藉口。我们可能被引诱去相信，一位神经症的女病人，当她告诉我们，她无可避免地会生病，因为她长得丑，畸形，欠缺魅力。所以，没有人会爱上她。但是另外一位神经症可能更加教导我们—因为她坚持她的神经症，与她对性的厌恶。虽然她似乎更加具有魅力，并且更加被欲望，比起普通的女人。

The majority of
hysterical women are among the attractive and even beautiful
representatives of their sex, while, on the other hand, the frequency of
ugliness, organic defects and infirmities in the lower classes of society
does not increase the incidence of neurotic illness among them.

大多数的歇斯底里症都是她们性别的具有魅力与美丽的代表。另一方面，在下阶层的社会，丑陋，有机缺点与弱者的频率，并没有增加神经症在他们身上发作的意外。

The relations of self-regard to erotism—that is, to libidinal objectcathexes— may be expressed concisely in the following way. Two cases must be distinguished, according to whether the erotic cathexes are egosyntonic, or, on the contrary, have suffered repression. In the former case (where the use made of the libido is ego-syntonic), love is assessed like any other activity of the ego. Loving in itself, in so far as it involves longing and deprivation, lowers self-regard; whereas being loved, having one’s love returned, and possessing the loved object, raises it once more.

自我-关注跟爱欲的关系—换句话说，跟力比多的客体-投注的关系—可能以下面的方式明确地表达。两个个案必须被区别，依照爱欲的投注是自我-协调，或是相反地，遭受到压抑。在前者，（力比多的利用是自我-协调），爱被评估，就像自我的任何其他行动。恋爱的自身，因为它牵涉渴望与丧失，会降低自我-关注。而被爱，由于让自己的爱被回报，与拥有被爱的客体，会再次提升自我-关注。

When libido is repressed, the erotic cathexis is felt as a severe depletion of the ego, the satisfaction of love is impossible, and the re-enrichment of the ego can be effected only by a withdrawal of libido from its objects.

当力比多被压抑，爱欲的投注被感觉，作为是严重的自我的废除，爱的满足是不可能的。自我的重新-充实，仅有凭借从它的客体撤退力比多，才能够被形成。

The return of the object-libido to the
ego and its transformation into narcissism represents,1 as it were, a happy love once more; and, on the other hand, it is also true that a real happy love corresponds to the primal condition in which object-libido and egolibido cannot be distinguished.

客体-力比多的回到自我，与其转变成为自恋，可以说，代表再次快乐的恋爱。另一方面，同样确实的是，真正快乐的恋爱对应于原初的情况，客体-力比多与自我-力比多，在那里无法被区别.

The importance and extensiveness of the topic must be my justification
for adding a few more remarks which are somewhat loosely strung
together.

因为这个议题的重要性与广泛，我才有理由增添更多的评论，虽然这些评论相当松散串在一块。

The development of the ego consists in a departure from primary
narcissism and gives rise to a vigorous attempt to recover that state.

自我的发现在于脱离原初的自恋，并且产生热烈的企图，想要恢复那个状态。

This departure is brought about by means of the displacement of libido on to an ego ideal imposed from without; and satisfaction is brought about from fulfilling this ideal.

这种脱离被形成，凭借力比多的替换到由外部赋加的自我-理想。满足被形成，则是由于满足这个理想。

At the same time the ego has sent out the libidinal object-cathexes. It
becomes impoverished in favour of these cathexes, just as it does in
favour of the ego ideal, and it enriches itself once more from its
satisfactions in respect of the object, just as it does by fulfilling its ideal.
One part of self-regard is primary—the residue of infantile narcissism;
another part arises out of the omnipotence which is corroborated by
experience (the fulfilment of the ego ideal), whilst a third part proceeds
from the satisfaction of object-libido.

同时，自我已经送出力比多-投注。它因为偏爱这些投注而成为贫瘠。正如它偏爱自我-理想而变得贫济。它再次充实它自己，则是从它对于客体的方面的满足。正如它满足它的理想，而获得满足。其中一部分的自我关注是原初—婴孩自恋的残渣。另外一个部分则是起源于经验合作的无所不能（自我-理想的满足）。第三个部分则是从客体-力比多的满足继续下去。

The ego ideal has imposed severe conditions upon the satisfaction of
libido through objects; for it causes some of them to be rejected by means of its censor,2 as being incompatible. Where no such ideal has been formed, the sexual trend in question makes its appearance unchanged in the personality in the form of a perversion. To be their own ideal once more, in regard to sexual no less than other trends, as they were in childhood—this is what people strive to attain as their happiness.

通过客体，自我-理想曾经赋加严重的情况在力比多的满足。因为它引起它们被排斥，凭借它的检查，作为是不相和谐的。在没有这样的理想被形成的地方，受到质疑的性的倾向没有改变地出现在人格里，以变态的方式。再次成为他们自己的理想，关于性跟其他的倾向，如同他们在童年时—这是人们奋斗要保留，作为他们的快乐的东西。

Being in love consists in a flowing-over of ego-libido on to the object. It
has the power to remove repressions and re-instate perversions. It exalts the sexual object into a sexual ideal. Since, with the object type (or attachment type), being in love occurs in virtue of the fulfilment of infantile conditions for loving, we may say that
whatever fulfils that condition is idealized.

处于恋爱当中，在于自我-力比多的流露出到客体那里.它拥有这个力量，将压抑移除，并且重新开启变态。它将性的客体提升到性的理想。用这种客体类型（依附类型），恋爱发生，由于爱的婴孩状态的满足。我们可以说，满足那个情况的东西，都被理性化。

The sexual ideal may enter into an interesting auxiliary relation to the
ego ideal. It may be used for substitutive satisfaction where narcissistic
satisfaction encounters real hindrances. In that case a person will love in
conformity with the narcissistic type of object-choice, will love what he once was and no longer is, or else what possesses the excellences which he never had at all (cf. (c) [p. 90]).

性的理想可能进入跟自我-理想的有趣的辅助的关系。它可能被用来作为替换的满足。在那里，自恋的满足遭遇真实的阻碍。在那个情况，一个人将会爱，依照客体-选择的自恋的型态。他将会爱上他以前曾有而现在不再存在的样子，或是，他拥有他根本就不曾有过的优秀的东西。

The formula parallel to the one there stated runs thus: what possesses the excellence which the ego lacks for making it an ideal, is loved. This expedient is of special importance for the neurotic, who, on account of his excessive object-cathexes, is impoverished in his
ego and is incapable of fulfilling his ego ideal.

跟那里的这个公式并列的公司这样陈述著：拥有这个优秀的东西，自我所欠缺的优秀，为了让它成为理想，这个东西被爱。对于神经症，这个权宜之计非常重要。因为他过分的客体-投注，神经症者在他的自我变得贫济，并且不能够满足他的自我理想。

He then seeks a way back to narcissism from his prodigal expenditure of libido upon objects, by choosing a sexual ideal after the narcissistic type which possesses the excellences to which he cannot attain. This is the cure by love, which he generally prefers to cure by analysis. Indeed, he cannot believe in any other mechanism of cure; he usually brings expectations of this sort with him to the treatment and directs them towards the person of the physician.

他因此寻求一种方法回到自恋，从他浪子般花费力比多在客体上面。凭借选择一个性的理想，遵照自恋的型态，拥有他无法获得的优秀。这就是凭借爱的治疗。他通常宁可凭借精神分析治疗。的确，他无法相信任何其他的治疗的机制。他通常将这种的花费带到治疗，并且引导它们朝向医生这个人。

The patient’s incapacity for love, resulting from his extensive repressions, naturally stands in the way of a therapeutic plan of this kind. An unintended result is often met with when, by means of the treatment, he has been partially freed from his repressions: he withdraws from further treatment in order to choose a love-object, leaving his cure to be continued by a life with someone he loves. We might be satisfied with this result, if it did not bring with it all the dangers of a crippling dependence upon his helper in need.

病人没有能够恋爱，因为广泛的压抑所造成，当然是阻碍这种的治疗的计划。凭借治疗，病人部分地从他的压抑中解放出来，经常会造成出乎意料的结果。他从更进一步的治疗撤退，为了选择爱的客体，留下他的治疗被继续，由于更他所爱的某人的一生。我们可能会满足这种结果，假如它没有随之带来这个危险：瘫痪地依靠他需要的帮助者。

The ego ideal opens up an important avenue for the understanding of
group psychology. In addition to its individual side, this ideal has a social
side; it is also the common ideal of a family, a class or a nation. It binds not only a person’s narcissistic libido, but also a considerable amount of his homosexual libido,1 which is in this way turned back into the ego. The want of satisfaction which arises from the non-fulfilment of this ideal
liberates homosexual libido, and this is transformed into a sense of guilt
(social anxiety).

自我-理想展开一个重要的管道，让我们理解群体心理学。除了它的个人的层面外，这个理想拥有社会的层面。它也是家庭，阶级与国家的共同理想。它不但连接一个人的自恋力比多，而且连接相当数量的同性恋力比多。以这种方式，它被回转到自我。因为这的理想的非-满足而产生的满足的需求，会解放同性恋的力比多。这个同性恋的力比多被转变成为一种罪恶感（社会的焦虑）。

Originally this sense of guilt was a fear of punishment by
the parents, or, more correctly, the fear of losing their love; later the
parents are replaced by an indefinite number of fellow-men. The frequent causation of paranoia by an injury to the ego, by a frustration of
satisfaction within the sphere of the ego ideal, is thus made more
intelligible, as is the convergence of ideal-formation and sublimation in the ego ideal, as well as the involution of sublimations and the possible
transformation of ideals in paraphrenic disorders.

原初，这种罪恶感是恐惧被父母处罚。或者，更加正确地说，恐惧丧失他们的爱，后来父母被无数的其他同伴所取代。对于自我的伤害不断地引起妄想症，因此就变得更加可理解，如同理想-形成与自我-理想的升华的汇集，以及升华的内转，与在精神分裂症的疾病，理想的可能的转变。

雄伯译
32hsing@pchome.com.tw
https://springhero.wordpress.com

论自恋 j

论自恋 j
Sigmund Freud
西格蒙、弗洛依德

On Narcissism: an Introduction
论自恋：导论

It would not surprise us if we were to find a special psychical agency
which performs the task of seeing that narcissistic satisfaction from the ego ideal is ensured and which, with this end in view, constantly watches the actual ego and measures it by that ideal.2 If such an agency does exist, we cannot possibly come upon it as a discovery—we can only recognize it; for we may reflect that what we call our ‘conscience’ has the required characteristics. Recognition of this agency enables us to understand the so-called ‘delusions of being noticed’ or more correctly, of being watched3, which are such striking symptoms in the paranoid diseases and which may also occur as an isolated form of illness, or intercalated in a transference neurosis.

我们将不会感到惊奇，万一我们发现特别的心灵的代理，执行这个工作：负责从自我理想获得的自我满足被保证，而且宏观这个目的，观看实际的自我，并且凭借那个理想测量它。假如这样的代理确实存在，我们不可能遭遇它作为一种发泄—我们仅能够体认它，因为我们反思，我们所谓的「良心」拥有所需要的特性。对于这个代理的体认让我们能够理解所谓的「受让注意的幻觉」，或更正确地说，被人观看的幻觉。它们是如此明显的病征，在偏执狂的疾病上，并且可能发生作为孤立的疾病的形式，或是被增添到移情的神经症。

Patients of this sort complain that all their thoughts are known
and their actions watched and supervised; they are informed of the
functioning of this agency by voices which characteristically speak to them in the third person (‘Now she’s thinking of that again’, ‘now he’s going out’).

这类的病人抱怨，所有他们的思想被人知道，所有他们的行动被观看与被监督。他们被告知这个代理的功能，用第三人称对他们言说的特有的那些声音（「现在，她正再次想到那件事」，「现在，他正在出去」。）

This complaint is justified; it describes the truth. A power of this kind,
watching, discovering and criticizing all our intentions, does really exist.
Indeed, it exists in every one of us in normal life.

这个抱怨是合理的。它描述真相。这种的权力，观看，发现并批评我们所有的意图，它确实存在。的确，它存在于正常生活的我们每个人身上。

Delusions of being watched present this power in a regressive form,
thus revealing its genesis and the reason why the patient is in revolt
against it. For what prompted the subject to form an ego ideal, on whose
behalf his conscience acts as watchman, arose from the critical influence of his parents (conveyed to him by the medium of the voice), to whom were added, as time went on, those who trained and taught him and the innumerable and indefinable host of all the other people in his environment —his fellow-men—and public opinion.

被观看的幻觉以退行的形式呈现这个权力，因此揭示它的代理与为什么病人反叛它的理由。因为触发主体形成自我理想的东西，他的良心代表他充当观看者，起源于他的病人的批评的影响（由声音的媒介传递给他）。随着时间过去，被增添到他身上是是那些训练与教导他的人们，以及在他的环境里，无数无法定义的所有的其他的人们—他的同胞—公共舆论。

In this way large amounts of libido of an essentially homosexual kind
are drawn into the formation of the narcissistic ego ideal and find outlet
and satisfaction in maintaining it. The institution of conscience was at
bottom an embodiment, first of parental criticism, and subsequently of that of society—a process which is repeated in what takes place when a
tendency towards repression develops out of a prohibition or obstacle that came in the first instance from without.

以这种方式，基本上是同性恋的大量的力比多，被吸收到自恋的自我理想的形成，然后找到发泄与满足，当维持它时。良心的体制追根究底，首先是父母批评的化身，随后是社会的化身—这一个过程被重复，在所发生的事情，当朝向退行的倾向，从第一个情况自外面而来的禁忌与阻碍里发展出来。

The voices, as well as the undefined multitude, are brought into the foreground again by the disease, and so the evolution of conscience is reproduced regressively. But the revolt against this ‘censoring agency’ arises out of the subject’s desire (in accordance with the fundamental character of his illness) to liberate himself from all these influences, beginning with the parental one, and out of his withdrawal of homosexual libido from them. His conscience then confronts him in a regressive form as a hostile influence from without.

这些声音，以及没有被定义的众多声音，再次由疾病带入前景。所以，良心的进化被退行地复制。但是对于这个「审查代理」的反叛，起源于主体欲望（遵循他的疾病的基本特性），为了解放他自己，从所有这些影响，开始于父母的影响，从他们那里撤退的同性恋的力比多。他的良心因此以退行的形式面对他们，作为是从外部的敌意的影响。

The complaints made by paranoics also show that at bottom the self criticism of conscience coincides with the self-observation on which it is
based. Thus the activity of the mind which has taken over the function of
conscience has also placed itself at the service of internal research, which furnishes philosophy with the material for its intellectual operations.

由偏执狂所做的抱怨也显示，追根究底，良心的自我批评巧合于作为它的基础的自我-观察。因此，心灵的活动已经接管良心的功能，也将它自己放置在对内部研究的服役。这个内部的研究供应哲学，作为知识运作的材料。

This may have some bearing on the characteristic tendency of paranoics to construct speculative systems.1

这可能跟偏执狂的特有的倾向有些关系，为了建设思维的系统。

It will certainly be of importance to us if evidence of the activity of this critically observing agency—which becomes heightened into conscience and philosophic introspection—can be found in other fields as well. I will mention here what Herbert Silberer has called the ‘functional phenomenon’, one of the few indisputably valuable additions to the theory of dreams.

对于我们，这确实非常重要，假如这个关键的观察的代理的活动的证据，被强化成为良心与哲学的内省。它们在其他领域也能够被找到。我将在此提到赫伯特 西贝瑞所谓的「功能的现象」，对于梦到理论，是一篇价值连城的增添。

Silberer, as we know, has shown that in states between
sleeping and waking we can directly observe the translation of thoughts
into visual images, but that in these circumstances we frequently have a
representation, not of a thought-content, but of the actual state
(willingness, fatigue, etc.) of the person who is struggling against sleep.

据我们所知，西贝瑞曾经揭示：在睡眠与清醒之间的状态，我们能够直接地观察思想被翻译成为视觉的意像，而且在那些情况，我们经常拥有正在睡眠奋斗的人的再现，不是思想-内容的再现，而是实际的状态（意志，疲倦，等等的再现。

Similarly, he has shown that the conclusions of some dreams or some
divisions in their content merely signify the dreamer’s own perception of his sleeping and waking. Silberer has thus demonstrated the part played by observation—in the sense of the paranoic’s delusions of being watched— in the formation of dreams. This part is not a constant one.

同样地，他曾经揭示：某些梦或某些梦的内容的区分的结论，仅是意味着作梦者自己睡眠与清醒时的知觉。西贝瑞因此证明观察扮演的这个角色—从偏执狂被观看的幻觉的意义而言—在梦的形成。这个角色并不是经常的角色。

Probably the reason why I overlooked it is because it does not play any great part in my own dreams; in persons who are gifted philosophically and accustomed to introspection it may become very evident.1

可是，为什么我忽略它的理由，是因为它在我自己的梦里，并没有扮演任何重大的角色。在那些具有哲学秉赋而且习惯于内省的人们，它就变得很明显。

We may here recall that we have found that the formation of dreams
takes place under the dominance of a censorship which compels distortion of the dream-thoughts. We did not, however, picture this censorship as a special power, but chose the term to designate one side of the repressive trends that govern the ego, namely the side which is turned towards the dream-thoughts.

我们在此可能回想到，我们曾经发现，梦的形成发生在检查的支配之下。这样的检查会逼迫扭曲梦的思想。可是，我们并不是描绘这个检查，作为是特别的力量。而是选择这个术语，来指明压抑的倾向的一边，它们统治自我。换句话说，被倒转朝向梦的思想的那边。

If we enter further into the structure of the ego, we may
recognize in the ego ideal and in the dynamic utterances of conscience the dream-censor2 as well. If this censor is to some extent on the alert even during sleep, we can understand how it is that its suggested activity of self-observation and self-criticism—with such thoughts as, ‘now he is too sleepy to think’, ‘now he is waking up’—makes a contribution to the content of the dream.1

假如我们更加深入地探究自我的结构，我们可能在自我理想，与良心的动力的表达里，也体认出梦的检查者。假如这个检查者有某个程度的警觉，即使在睡眠的时刻，我们能够理解，它的自我观察与自我-批评的被暗示的活动对于梦的内容有很大的贡献。因为这些思想，他太过于昏睡，无法思想，现在他正在清醒当中。

At this point we may attempt some discussion of the self-regarding
attitude in normal people and in neurotics.

在这个时候，我们可能企图讨论在正常人们与神经症者的自我关注的态度。

In the first place self-regard appears to us to be an expression of the
size of the ego; what the various elements are which go to determine that size is irrelevant. Everything a person possesses or achieves, every
remnant of the primitive feeling of omnipotence which his experience has confirmed, helps to increase his self-regard.

首先，我们觉得自我关注是自我的大小的表达。前来决定那个大小的各种的元素的东西并无关紧要。每个人拥有或完成的东西，他的经验曾经证实的，原初的无所不能的残余物，有助于增加他的自我关注。

Applying our distinction between sexual and ego-instincts, we must
recognize that self-regard has a specially intimate dependence on
narcissistic libido. Here we are supported by two fundamental facts: that in paraphrenics self-regard is increased, while in the transference neuroses it is diminished; and that in love-relations not being loved lowers the selfregarding feelings, while being loved raises them. As we have indicated, the aim and the satisfaction in a narcissistic object-choice is to be loved.2

当我们运用性与自我-本能的区别时，我们必须体认出，自我关注具有特别亲密的依靠，对于自恋的力比多。在此，我们受到两个基本事实的支持：在精神分裂症，自我关注被增加。而在移情神经症，它被减少。在爱的关系，没有被爱降低自我关注的感觉。而被爱则是提升自我关注的感觉。如同我们曾经指示的，自恋的客体-选择的目标与满足，就是被爱。

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32hsiung@pchome.com.tw
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论自恋 h

论自恋 h
Sigmund Freud
西格蒙、弗洛依德

On Narcissism: an Introduction
论自恋：导论

We are naturally led to examine the relation between this forming of an
ideal and sublimation. Sublimation is a process that concerns object-libido and consists in the instinct’s directing itself towards an aim other than, and remote from, that of sexual satisfaction; in this process the accent falls upon deflection from sexuality.

我们当然被引导去检视理想的形成与升华的关系。升华是关系到客体-力比多的过程，由本能引导它自己朝向一个目标，不同于，也远距性的满足的目标。在这个过程，重点落在离开性的折射。

Idealization is a process that concerns the object; by it that object, without any alteration in its nature, is aggrandized and exalted in the subject’s mind. Idealization is possible in the sphere of ego-libido as well as in that of object-libido. For example, the sexual
overvaluation of an object is an idealization of it. In so far as sublimation
describes something that has to do with the instinct and idealization
something to do with the object, the two concepts are to be distinguished
from each other.3

理想化则是关系到客体的过程。凭借理想化，那个客体，在它的特性并没有任何改变，被增值而且被提升，在主体的心灵里。理想化是可能的，这自我-力比多的领域，以及在那客体-力比多的领域。譬如，性的过分高估客体，就是性的理想化。因为升华描述某件跟本能有关的东西，而理想化则是描述跟客体有关的东西。两个观念应该被互相区别开来。

The formation of an ego ideal is often confused with the sublimation of
instinct, to the detriment of our understanding of the facts. A man who has exchanged his narcissism for homage to a high ego ideal has not
necessarily on that account succeeded in sublimating his libidinal instincts.

自我理想的形成往往跟本能的升华混为一谈。结果伤害到我们对于事实的理解。一位曾经用他的自恋交换对崇高自我-理想的致敬的人，未必因为那个缘故，就成功地将他的力比多的本能升华。

It is true that the ego-ideal demands such sublimation, but it cannot enforce it; sublimation remains a special process which may be prompted by the ideal but the execution of which is entirely independent of any such prompting.

自我-理想确实要求这样的升华，但是它无法强制执行它。升华始终是一个特别的过程，可以经有理想触动，但是这个特别过程的执行则是完全独立于任何这样的触动。

It is
precisely in neurotics that we find the highest differences of potential
between the development of their ego ideal and the amount of sublimation of their primitive libidinal instincts; and in general it is far harder to convince an idealist of the inexpedient location of his libido than a plain man whose pretensions have remained more moderate.

确实就是在神经症身上，我们发现自我-理想的发展与他们的原初的力比多的本能的升华数量之间的差异。通常，要说服一位理想家相信他的力比多的不方便的位置，比起说服一位他的伪装始终比较温和的普通人，困难得多。

Further, the formation of an ego ideal and sublimation are quite differently related to the causation of neurosis.

而且，自我-理想的形成与升华，跟神经症的促成，关系完全不同。

As we have learnt, the formation of an ideal heightens the
demands of the ego and is the most powerful factor favouring repression; sublimation is a way out, a way by which those demands can be met
without involving repression.1

我们已经学习到，理想的形成强化对自我的要求，是赞同压抑的最强烈的因素。升华则是一种出口，凭借这个出口，那些要求能够被满足，而没有牵涉到压抑。

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32hsiung@pchome.com.tw
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论自恋 i

论自恋 i
Sigmund Freud
西格蒙、弗洛依德

On Narcissism: an Introduction
论自恋：导论
– 91 –
III
The disturbances to which a child’s original narcissism is exposed, the
reactions with which he seeks to protect himself from them and the paths
into which he is forced in doing so—these are themes which I propose to
leave on one side, as an important field of work which still awaits
exploration. The most significant portion of it, however, can be singled out in the shape of the ‘castration complex’ (in boys, anxiety about the penis— in girls, envy for the penis) and treated in connection with the effect of early deterrence from sexual activity.

小孩原初的自恋被暴露的各种困扰，他尝试用来保护他自己免于困扰的各种反应，以及当他这样做时，他被迫进入的各种途径—这些主题，我建议留置一旁，作为依旧有待探索的研究的重要领域。可是，有关它的最重要的部分，能够被挑选出来，以「阉割情结」的形状（在男孩，关于有阴茎的焦虑—在女孩，对阴茎的羡慕），并且被治疗，关于早期被拖延不能从事性的活动的影响。

Psycho-analytic research ordinarily
enables us to trace the vicissitudes undergone by the libidinal instincts
when these, isolated from the ego-instincts, are placed in opposition to them; but in the particular field of the castration complex, it allows us to infer the existence of an epoch and a psychical situation in which the two groups of instincts, still operating in unison and inseparably mingled, make their appearance as narcissistic interests.

精神分析研究通常让我们能够追踪力比多本能经历的起伏变化。当它们跟自我本能孤立出来时，它们被放置在跟它们对立的位置。但是在阉割情结的这个特殊领域，它让我们能够推理一个时代与心灵的情况的存在。在那里，这两个团体的本能，依旧一致地运转，而又不可分离地混合。它们从事它们的出现，作为自恋的興趣。

It is from this context that Adler
[1910] has derived his concept of the ‘masculine protest’, which he has
elevated almost to the position of the sole motive force in the formation of character and neurosis alike and which he bases not on a narcissistic, and therefore still a libidinal, trend, but on a social valuation.

从这个内容，阿德勒曾经获得他的「男性抗议」的观念。他将这个观念几乎提升到唯一动机的力量的地位，在人格与神经症的形成。他将这个观念的基础，不是放置在自恋，因此，依旧力比多的倾向。而是放置在社会的评估。

Psycho-analytic
research has from the very beginning recognized the existence and
importance of the ‘masculine protest’, but it has regarded it, in opposition
to Adler, as narcissistic in nature and derived from the castration complex.

精神分析的研究从一开始，就体认出「男性抗议」的存在与重要性。但是跟阿德勒相反，精神分析的研究将它认为是特性上是自恋，从阉割情结得来。

The ‘masculine protest’ is concerned in the formation of character, into the genesis of which it enters along with many other factors, but it is
completely unsuited for explaining the problems of the neuroses, with
regard to which Adler takes account of nothing but the manner in which
they serve the ego-instincts. I find it quite impossible to place the genesis of neurosis upon the narrow basis of the castration complex, however powerfully it may come to the fore in men among their resistances to the cure of a neurosis. Incidentally, I know of cases of neurosis in which the ‘masculine protest’, or, as we regard it, the castration complex, plays no pathogenic part, and even fails to appear at all.1

「男性的抗议」关注人格的形成。沿着许多其他的因素，从事研究人格形成的开始。但是它完全不适合解释神经症的难题，关于神经症的难题，阿德勒所考虑到的仅是神经症服役自我-本能的方式。我则是发现不可能将神经症的开始放置在阉割情结的狭窄的基础上。虽然它强烈地出现在男人的前台，当他们抗拒神经症的治疗。偶然地，我知道有些神经症的个案，在那里，「男性的抗议」，或我们所谓的阉割情结，并没有扮演病因的角色，甚至根本就没有出现。
– 92 –
Observation of normal adults shows that their former megalomania
has been damped down and that the psychical characteristics from which we inferred their infantile narcissism have been effaced. What has become of their ego-libido? Are we to suppose that the whole amount of it has passed into object-cathexes? Such a possibility is plainly contrary to the whole trend of our argument; but we may find a hint at another answer to the question in the psychology of repression.

对于正常成人的观察显示，他们以前的自大狂已经被浇灭，我们用来推论婴孩的自恋的心灵的特征，已经被抹除。他们的自我-力比多情况如何呢？我们应该假设，他们的自我-力比多的整个数量已经成为客体-投注吗？这样的可能很明显跟我们的主张的整个倾向相反。但是在压抑的心理学，我们在另一个问题的回的发现一个暗示。

We have learnt that libidinal instinctual impulses undergo the
vicissitude of pathogenic repression if they come into conflict with the
subject’s cultural and ethical ideas. By this we never mean that the
individual in question has a merely intellectual knowledge of the existence of such ideas; we always mean that he recognizes them as a standard for himself and submits to the claims they make on him.
Repression, we have said, proceeds from the ego; we might say with greater precision that it proceeds from the self-respect of the ego.
我们获知，力比多的本能的冲动经历病因压抑的起伏变化，假如它们跟主体的文化与伦理的观念互相冲突。我们说这个的意思，并不是指受到质疑的个人仅是在智识方面知道这些观念的存在。我们的意思总是，他经历它们，作为给他自己一个标准，并且接受它们对他的宣称。我们说过，压抑从自我继续下去。我们可以更加精确地说，压抑从自我的尊敬自己继续下去。

The same impressions, experiences, impulses and desires that one man indulges or at least works over consciously will be rejected with the utmost indignation by another, or even stifled before they enter consciousness.2 The difference between the
two, which contains the conditioning factor of repression, can easily be
expressed in terms which enable it to be explained by the libido theory.

一个人耽溺或至少刻意反复从事的相同的印象，经验，冲动，与欲望，会被另一个人极端愤怒地排斥，或甚至被闷窒之后，才让它们进入意识。这两者之间的差异，包括压抑的制约因素，能够轻易地被表达，所用的术语让它能够凭借力比多理论来解释。

We can say that the one man has set up an ideal in himself by which he
measures his actual ego, while the other has formed no- 93 –
such ideal. For the ego the formation of an ideal would be the conditioning factor of repression.1This ideal ego is now the target of the self-love which was enjoyed in childhood by the actual ego.

我们能够说，一个人在他自己身上建立一个理想。凭借这个理想，他衡量他的实际的自我。而另外一个则是没有形成这样的理想。对于自我，理想的形成将是压抑的制约的因素。理想自我现在是自我-爱恋的目标，在童年时被实践的自我享受的自我-爱恋。

The subject’s narcissism makes its
appearance displaced on to this new ideal ego, which, like the infantile
ego, finds itself possessed of every perfection that is of value.

主体的自恋让它的出现被替换到新的理想的自我。就像婴孩的自我，这个新的理想自我发现它自己拥有每个具有价值的完美。

As always where the libido is concerned, man has here again shown himself incapable of giving up a satisfaction he had once enjoyed. He is not willing to forgo the narcissistic perfection of his childhood; and when, as he grows up, he is disturbed by the admonitions of others and by the awakening of his own critical judgement, so that he can no longer retain that perfection, he seeks to recover it in the new form of an ego ideal.

如同平常，就力比多而言，人在此再次显示他自己不能够放弃他曾经享受过的满足。他不愿意忘记他的童年的自恋的完美。随着他长大，他受到别人的警告的困扰，以及他自己批判的判断的觉醒的困扰。这样，他不再保留那个完美，他寻求重新恢复它，用自我理想的新的形式。

What he projects
before him as his ideal is the substitute for the lost narcissism of his
childhood in which he was his own ideal.2

他投射在他面前作为理想的东西，就是他的童年的丧失的自恋的替换。在那里，他是他自己的理想。

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论自恋 h

论自恋 h
Sigmund Freud
西格蒙、弗洛依德

On Narcissism: an Introduction
论自恋：导论

Even for narcissistic women, whose attitude towards men remains
cool, there is a road which leads to complete object-love. In the child which they bear, a part of their own body confronts them like an extraneous object, to which, starting out from their
narcissism, they can then give complete object-love.

即使对于自恋的女人，她对待男人的态度始终是冷静的。也会有一条道路通往客体之爱。在她们所生的小孩身上，她们自己身体的一部分面临着它们，就像是一个外来的客体。从她们的自恋出发，她们因此能够给于它完整的客体之爱。

There are other
women, again, who do not have to wait for a child in order to take the step in development from (secondary) narcissism to object-love. Before puberty they feel masculine and develop some way along masculine lines; after this trend has been cut short on their reaching female maturity, they still retain the capacity of longing for a masculine ideal—an ideal which is in fact a survival of the boyish nature that they themselves once possessed.1

而且，还有其他女人并没有必要等待小孩，才採取发展的这个步骤，从次级的自恋，到客体之爱。在青春期之前，她们感觉阳刚气质，并且沿着阳刚的脉络，发展某种方法。当她们一到达女性的成熟时，这种倾向已经被中断。她们依旧保养这个能力，渴望阳刚理想的能力—事实上，这种阳刚理想是她们自己一度拥有的男孩特性的残存下来。

What I have so far said by way of indication may be concluded by a
short summary of the paths leading to the choice of an object.

迄今我已经说过的，作为指示，可以根据简单的总结通往客体的选择的各种途径，作为结论。

A person may love:—
(1) According to the narcissistic type:
(a) what he himself is (i.e. himself),
(b) what he himself was,
(c) what he himself would like to be,
(d) someone who was once part of himself.

(2) According to the anaclitic (attachment) type:
(a) the woman who feeds him,
(b) the man who protects him,

一个人可能爱—
（1）依照自恋的种类

（a） 他自己是怎样的人
（b） 他自己以前是怎样的人
（c） 他自己想要成为怎样的人
（d） 某个人曾经是他自己的部分
（2）依照依附的种类
（a）餵食他的女人
（b）保护他的男人

and the succession of substitutes who take their place. The inclusion
of case (c) of the first type cannot be justified till a later stage of this
discussion. [P. 101.]

以及替代他的位置的替代者的连续。第一类型的个案的包括，直到这个讨论之后，才能自圆其说。

The significance of narcissistic object-choice for homosexuality in men
must be considered in another connection.2

在男人身上，同性恋的自恋的客体之爱的意义必须从另外一个关联来考虑。

The primary narcissism of children which we have assumed and which
forms one of the postulates of our theories of the libido, is less easy to
grasp by direct observation than to confirm by inference from elsewhere. If we look at the attitude of affectionate parents towards their children, we have to recognize that it is a revival and reproduction of their own narcissism, which they have long since abandoned.

我们曾经假设的小孩的原初的自恋，以及形成我们的力比多理论的其中一个假设的小孩的原初的自恋，比较不那么容易从直接观察来理解，比起根据某个地方的推论来证实。假如我们观看情感丰富的父母对待他们的小孩的态度，我们必须承认，那是他们自己的自恋的复活与残存。那是他们长久以来放弃的。

The trustworthy pointer constituted by overvaluation, which we have already recognized as a narcissistic stigma in the case of object-choice, dominates, as we all know, their emotional attitude. Thus they are under a compulsion to ascribe every perfection to the child—which sober observation would find no occasion to do—and to
conceal and forget all his shortcomings. (Incidentally, the denial of
sexuality in children is connected with this.)

过分高估形成的值得信任的点，我们已经体认出来，作为客体-选择的个案里，自恋的污点。众所周知，它支使他们的情感的态度。因此，他们情不自禁地会将每个完美归属于小孩—若是清醒观察，本来不会这样做—并且隐藏与忘记小孩所有的缺点。（意外地，在小孩身上的性的否认跟这个息息相关。）

Moreover, they are inclined to suspend in the child’s favour the operation of all the cultural acquisitions which their own narcissism has been forced to respect, and to renew on his behalf the claims to privileges which were long ago given up by themselves.

而且，他们倾向于宠爱小孩，悬置所有的文化的习得的运作，那是他们自己的自恋曾经被迫要尊敬的文化的习得。他们并且在他们自己的部分更新他们对于某些特权的主张，那些是他们老早以前放弃的主张。

The child shall have a better time than his parents; he shall
not be subject to the necessities which they have recognized as
paramount in life. Illness, death, renunciation of enjoyment, restrictions on his own will, shall not touch him; the laws of nature and of society shall be abrogated in his favour; he shall once more really be the centre and core of creation—‘His Majesty the Baby’,1 as we once fancied ourselves.

小孩将会比他们的父母过得更加快乐。小孩将不会隶属于他们曾经体认出的那些必要，作为人生里最崇高的必要。疾病，死亡，捨弃快乐，限制他自己的意志，小孩将不会受到它们影响。自然与社会的法则将会被撤消，以对他有利。他将再次确实成为创造的中心与核心–「婴儿陛下」，如同我们想像我们自己是这样的人物。

The
child shall fulfil those wishful dreams of the parents which they never
carried out—the boy shall become a great man and a hero in his father’s
place, and the girl shall marry a prince as a tardy compensation for her
mother. At the most touchy point in the narcissistic system, the immortality of the ego, which is so hard pressed by reality, security is achieved by taking refuge in the child. Parental love, which is so moving and at bottom so childish, is nothing but the parents’ narcissism born again, which, transformed into object-love, unmistakably reveals its former nature.

小孩将会实现父母从来没有实现的那些愿望的梦想—男孩将代替他的父亲，成为伟大的人与英雄；而女孩则将嫁给一位王子，作为对她的母亲的迟来的补偿。在自恋系统的最敏感的时刻，自我的永生，当自我在现实里是如此地艰困，由于躲避在小孩那里，而获得安全。父母的爱，是如此的感动人，追根究底，又如此的幼稚，它仅是父母的自恋的再生。当它被转变成为客体之爱时，绝无错误地，它揭露出它以前的特性。

雄伯译
32hsiung@pchome.com.tw
https://springhero.wordpress.com